Documentation of pain varies widely among healthcare facilities, with most hospitals considering pain a “vital sign” alongside the more traditional heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure.

In order to provide acute stroke patients the best opportunity for full recovery when presenting to an emergency department with…

Deep tissue injury occurs when the blood supply to the muscle and connective tissue overlying a boney prominence such as the sacrum is interrupted by pressure on the small blood vessels or by shear stress.

The signs and symptoms of chronic heart failure are usually associated with comorbid chronic medical conditions including myocardial infarctions, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus.

Herpes simplex virus, type 1 or type 2, causes viral-mediated cellular death and associated inflammatory response.

A concussion is a brain injury caused either by a direct blow to the head or by violent shaking of the head

Lead exposure causes diminished IQ, delayed language development, reading difficulty, memory loss, abnormal social engagement, antisocial behavior, and ADHD. 

Biomechanics is defined as “the study of the structure and function of biological systems by means of the methods of mechanics.” Hatze, H., Journal of Biomechanics 7: 189-190 (1974).

The Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (Exhibit A), written jointly by the National Academies of Science and the Federal Judicial Center, 2000 states: “Specifically, one cross-disciplinary domain deals with the study of injury mechanics, which spans the interface between mechanics and biology."

In physics, there is a concept termed ‘vector.’  A vector has two quantities —magnitude and direction.

This diagnosis implies that a person’s oxygen requirements or respiratory status has progressed beyond low-level support and commonly leads to transfer to the ICU for more aggressive interventions.

As defined in the medical literature, pneumonia is the inflammation of the lung parenchyma (tissue) in which the air sacs (alveoli) fill with pus and may become solid typically due to an infection.

There are numerous ways to evaluate a patient’s oxygen. Pulse oximetry or saturation (SpO2) is one of them.

It is well-established that bone mineral loss is a normal physiologic process.