Spinal cord stimulator therapy provides direct electrical stimulation to the spinal cord by interfering with the brain’s processing neural information from the pain pathways.

Cellular injury from cryotherapy can occur due to intracellular water crystallization, temperature-induced protein changes and membrane damage.

Amphetamine levels in chronic users routinely reach higher levels than expected.

In pathology, it is incorrect to use a drug concentration without any corroborating ancillary evidence including without regard to the clinical scenario.

Morphology Aneurysm morphology has been long understood to have predictive value for rupture risk.

The first part of standard of care for physical therapy is to review and follow the order or referral from the patient’s physician.

Lacerations of the skin are a type of non-sharp trauma that involves tearing or ripping of the skin, as opposed to an incision which is caused by cutting with a sharp object.

New York State MHL §9.41 allows a police officer to “take into custody any person who appears to be mentally ill and is conducting himself or herself in a manner which is likely to result in serious harm to the person or others.

A CT scan is the test of choice to be performed when a patient is presenting with stroke-like symptoms.

Fungi, also termed molds, are ubiquitous in nature. Humans living in most global environments are routinely exposed to fungal airborne reproductive spores and metabolic products.

The diagnosis of inhalant allergic disorders such as allergic rhinitis and asthma requires two components, and both need to be positive to make such a diagnosis.

By definition, an aneurysm is an abnormal dilatation of an artery (like a blister), i.e., a weak area in an arterial wall.

A hair alcohol test is used to determine if a person has consumed alcohol over a period ~90 days and, in some cases, longer.