Certain medications can also impair the motility of the gastrointestinal tract by either inhibiting its muscular contractions or preventing its muscles from contracting in the…

Cerebral palsy is a condition marked by impaired muscle coordination and/or other disabilities, most often caused by damage to the brain before or at birth.

Spironolactone is a potent diuretic that it is banned by athletic regulatory agencies, including the NCAA.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid.

There are factors that may produce inaccurate urine creatinine results…

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measures the ability of the kidneys to remove (clear) creatinine from the blood.

Variation in creatinine production is common. The production of creatinine differs among and within people over time.

A urine specific gravity test compares the density of urine with the density of water.

Loss of the normal lumbar lordosis from lumbar fusion surgery is a common source of sagittal imbalance seen in clinical practice.

The human spine is a complex biomechanical structure providing the framework for the body as well as flexibility for motion.

The hip joint is formed by the femoral head and acetabulum. Osteoarthritis of the hip develops when the cartilage covering the femoral head and acetabulum wears down.

Fentanyl and fentanyl analogs are increasingly entering the drug supply as counterfeit tablets or substituted for heroin or other drugs.

Stroke: Common symptoms of a stroke include sudden onset unilateral facial droop, unilateral motor weakness as well as numbness and tingling, visual impairment, speech disturbances, headache, and gait instability.

Cervical spondylosis is a common progressive disorder in the aging cervical spine.

Cervical whiplash is a neck injury due to forceful, rapid back-and-forth movement of the neck. It is commonly seen in low speed, rear-end motor vehicle collisions.

Decline in cognitive function can be due to many different causes.

Cognitive function is thought of as a combination of multiple cognitive domains responsible for specific functions of the brain, such as attention, concentration, memory, cognitive speed, executive function, language, visual spatial skills, and praxis.

The Heimlich Maneuver is performed with the rescuer standing behind the choking victim.  Abdominal thrusts are not recommended for children under 1 year of age because of the potential to cause more injury.

Robotic-assisted prostatectomy was designed to surgically remove the prostate in a minimally invasive manner. 

Deep venous thrombosis is a known complication of surgery. The risk of developing deep venous thrombosis increases with age, prolonged surgery, pelvic surgery, obesity, and cancer, amongst other factors.