Ketamine is a general anesthetic medication that is used both in the operating room for patients requiring general anesthesia to undergo surgery as well in the ED for sedation for painful procedures.

Keppra is an antiseizure medication that is commonly used to treat patients who have seizures. It is often administered as an IV infusion to patients in the ED after they have a witnessed seizure or, occasionally…

Medication administration safety is critical in all treatment areas but requires additional safeguards in the ED environment, which is sometimes chaotic. There are multiple mechanisms to reduce the risk of medication error in the ED.

By way of general background about physician education and training, medical doctors in the United States receive a degree of either M.D. (medical doctor) or D.O. (doctor of osteopathic medicine). All are physicians who may be licensed to practice medicine and surgery (and all are “medical doctors”).

Several characteristics of melanoma have been identified and well-studied.  Among the factors studied for primary lesions, the depth of invasion and presence or absence of invasion are most important and are incorporated into the formal American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging criteria.  

Bacterial endocarditis is a dangerous and often life-threatening infectious ailment that must be diagnosed and treated immediately. If left untreated, it will destroy…

Visual field loss (or visual field cut): The visual field is the total area that can be seen while…

Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON): The optic nerve transmits signals between the eyes and…

Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD or APD): RAPD is a condition in which the left…

Steroid response for elevated intraocular pressure: Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the measurement of…

Commotio retinae (Berlin’s edema): Damage to the retina’s outer layers from a shock wave…

Traumatic iritis (a form of anterior uveitis a/k/a iridocyclitis): An inflammation of the anterior…

In surgical cases, it is always critical to make sure there were indications for the surgery and the correct surgery was chosen. Below is a decision tree for Cervical Artificial Disc Replacement.

In surgical cases, it is always critical to make sure there were indications for the surgery and the correct surgery was chosen. Below is a decision tree for Patellofemoral Replacement: